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II Kuningasten Kirja
http://www.finbible.fi/VT/2Kuningas/Raamattu.htm
Tämä on pitkä , mutta koetan suomentaa joitain kohtia ja lyhentää.
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Varhaisin tunnettu kuva israelilaisesta. Kuvaa mahdollisesti Jeehua Omrin poikaa TAI Jeehun sanansaattajaa, joka on polvistuneena kuningas Salmaneser III:n eteen.
Assurialaiset vievät Juudean pakkosiirtolaisia vankeuteen Assuriin Laakiin taistelussa saamansa voiton jälkeen 701 eKr.
Tällaisia kuvia oli Assurin kuninkaan Sanheribin palatsissa Niiniveessä. Assyrian king (Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh)
(The Cyrus cylinder, regarding King Cyrus's treatment of religion, which is significant to the books of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah.
(Taylor prism on display at the British Museum. Describes the Assyrian king Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem in 701 BC during the reign of king Hezekiah, which is recorded by Herodotus and the Bible in Isaiah chapters 33 and 36; 2 Kings 18:17; 2 Chronicles 32:9. Photo by David Castor.)
Alla: Temppelivuoren kivi, jossa on kaiverruksena hebreaksi Torveenpuhalluskohdalle..
Wikipedia lähde on hyvin antoisa.
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10. vuosisata, 900-luku ennen Kristusta
- 6-chamber gates - (10th Century BCE) - "These gates have been found at Hazor, Megiddo, Gezer, and Lachish, and were associated especially by Yigael Yadin with Solomonic building projects." [1]
- Khirbet Qeiyafa pottery sherd – (10th century BC) inscription - both the language it was written in and the translation are disputed. Was discovered in excavations near Israel's Elah valley.[10]
- Gezer calendar (10th century BC) – calendar from the Biblical city of Gezer. It is one of the oldest known examples of Hebrew writing.
- Tell es-Safi Potsherd (10th to mid 9th centuries BC) – Potsherd inscribed with the two names "alwt" and "wlt", etymologically related to the name Goliath and demonstrate that the name fits with the context of late-tenth/early-ninth-century BC Philistine culture. Found at Tell es-Safi, the traditional identification of Gath.
- Large Stone Structure – possible site of King David's palace (tentatively dated to 10th to 9th century BCE).
- Stepped Stone Structure – (1000-900 BC) - has been suggested as being Jebusite, the Millo, or part of the Large Stone Structure, which has been suggested as being part of King David's palace.
- Bubastis portal – showing a series of inscriptions recounting pharaoh Shishaq's invasion of Judah and Israel in 925 BC, located outside the Temple of Amun at Karnak.(1 Kings 14:25; 2 Chronicles 12:1–12).[11]
- Shishaq Relief – depicts Egypt's victory over King Rehoboam c. 925 BC, time of the plunder of Solomon's Temple in Judah.
- Khirbet Qeiyafa shrines- cultic objects seen as evidence of a "cult in Judah at time of King David" and with features (triglyphs and recessed doors) which may resemble features in descriptions of the Temple of Solomon.[12]
9. vuosisata, 800-luku ennen Kristusta
- Amman Citadel Inscription – 9th century BC inscription in the Ammonite language, one of the few surviving written records of Ammon.
- Tel Dan Stele – (9th century BCE) a stele commemorating victory by Aramaeans against the Israelites. It is claimed by a number of scholars that the inscription contains the phrase House of David although others dispute this .
- Melcarth/Ben-Hadad stele – (9th–8th century BCE) William F. Albright identifies Bir-hadad with Ben-hadad I, who was a contemporary of the biblical Asa and Baasha.
- Seal of Jehucal – (9th century BCE ?) Jehucal or Jucal is mentioned in chapters 37 and 38 of the Book of Jeremiah where King Zedekiah sends Jehucal son of Shelemiah and the priest Zephaniah son of Maaseiah to the prophet Jeremiah saying `Please pray for us to the Lord our God` (Chapter 38 verse 3).
- Kurkh Monolith (c. 859–824 BC) - British Museum – names King Ahab of Israel, erected by Shalmaneser III to commemorate the Battle of Karkar, which Ahab participated in along with many other regional leaders.
- The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III (c. 858–824 BC) - British Museum – scholars believe the obelisk depicts either Jehu son of Omri (a king of Israel mentioned in 2 Kings), or Jehu's ambassador, paying homage to Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (c.825 BC); an early, possibly the earliest, surviving picture of an Israelite. The inscription identifies "the tribute of Jehu, son of Omri: I received from him silver, gold, a golden bowl, a golden vase with pointed bottom, golden tumblers, golden buckets, tin, a staff for a king [and] spears."
- Ostraca House – (probably about 850 BC, at least prior to 750 BC) 64 legible ostraca found in the treasury of Ahab – written in early Hebrew.
- Mesha stele (also called the Moabite stone) (c.850 BC) – a Transjordan stele describing the victories of Moabite king Mesha over the Kingdom of Israel. French scholar André Lemaire suggested that line 31 of the Stele bears the phrase "the house of David" (in Biblical Archaeology Review [May/June 1994], pp. 30–37).
- Balaam inscription (c. 840–760 BC)[14] 9th or 8th century BC inscription about a prophet named Balaam (cf. the Book of Numbers).[15]
8. vuosisata ennen Kristusta , 700-luku
- Sefire stele – (8th century BCE) described as "the best extrabiblical source for West Semitic traditions of covenantal blessings and curses."[16]
- Siloam inscription – Records the construction of Hezekiah's tunnel in the 8th century BC .
- Stele of Zakkur – (8th century BCE) Mentions Hazael king of Aram.
- Shebna's lintel inscription – (8th - 7th century BCE ?) found over the doorway of a tomb, has been ascribed to Hezekiah's comptroller Shebna.
- Babylonian Chronicles (c. 747–247 BC) – dealing with Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem, etc. (see Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC), Zedekiah and Book of Kings, Book of Jeremiah, Lamentations.)
- King Ahaz's Seal (732 to 716 BC) – Ahaz was a king of Judah but "did not do what was right in the sight of the Lord his God, as his ancestor David had done" (2 Kings 16:2; 2 Chronicles 28:1). He worshiped idols and followed pagan practices. "He even made his son pass through fire, according to the abominable practices of the nations" (2 Kings 16:3). Ahaz was the son and successor of Jotham.
- Bullae (c.715–687 BC or 716–687 BC)[17] (clay roundels impressed with a personal seal identifying the owner of an object, the author of a document, etc) are, like ostraka, relatively common, both in digs and on the antiquities market. The identification of individuals named in bullae with equivalent names from the Bible is difficult, but identifications have been made with king Hezekiah[18] and his servants (????? avadim in Hebrew).
- Hezekiah's tunnel (c. 701 BC) – a tunnel created by King Hezekiah in anticipation of an Assyrian invasion. From National Geographic: "The tunnel, which is about 500 meters (550 yards) long, brings water from the Gihon Springs [sic], located some 300 meters (330 yards) outside the walls of old Jerusalem, to the Siloan Pool [sic] inside the ancient city. It was built to protect the city's water supply during an Assyrian siege".[19]
- Lachish relief – portion of the Sennacherib relief, which depicts captives from Judah being led into captivity after the fall of Lachish in 701 BC[20]
- Taylor Prism – a clay prism inscribed with the annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib notable for describing his siege of Jerusalem in 701 BC during the reign of king Hezekiah. This event is recorded in several books contained in Bible including Isaiah chapters 33 and 36; 2 Kings 18:17; 2 Chronicles 32:9. This event is also recorded by Herodotus.
- Annals of Tiglath Pileser III – 730 BCE, records tributes from many Judean and Israeli kings; Ahaz of Judah, Menahem, Pekah and Hosheah of Israel. The annals also refer to Ahaziah who is considered by many scholars to be identical with the biblical Uzziah, king of Judah [21][22][23]
7. vuosisata, 600-luku eKr.
- Ekron dedicatory inscription (7th century BC) – a dedicatory inscription of the seventh-century king of Ekron, Achish. Achish is a name used in the Hebrew Bible for two Philistine rulers of Gath. The inscription states "This temple was built by 'Akish, son of Padi, son of Yasid, son of Ada, son of Ya'ir, ruler of Ekron..." The inscription not only securely identifies the site, it gives a brief king-list of rulers of Ekron, fathers to sons: Ya'ir, Ada, Yasid, Padi, 'Akish.[24]
- Bulla of Jehucal – son of Shelemiah, son of Shevi. This person seems to be mentioned (twice) in the Book of Jeremiah who thus presumably lived in the late 7th century BC (i.e. at about the same time as Jeremiah). (see Large Stone Structure for discovery) (see also Book of Jeremiah).[25]
- LMLK seals on storage jar handles, excavated from strata formed by Sennacherib's invasion during the reign of Hezekiah (circa 700 BC).[26][27]
- Necho II basalt cartouche - (610 BCE – 595 BCE) found at Sidon, suggesting Necho II's involvement in the region (see: Josiah)
- Bulla of Shaphan (r. 609–598 BC) – possible link to a figure during the reign of Jehoiakim.
- Beit Lehi contains oldest known Hebrew writing of the word “Jerusalem” dated to 7th century BCE “I am YHWH thy Lord. I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem”“Absolve us oh merciful God. Absolve us oh YHWH”[28]
- Three shekel ostracon is a pottery fragment with inscription describing donations to the House of Yahweh[29]
- Mesad Hashavyahu Ostracon is an inscribed pottery fragment dtaed to 7th century BCE and written in ancient Hebrew language. It contains earliest extra-biblical reference to the observance of Shabbat.[30][31]
6. vuosisata, 500-luku ennen Kristuksen syntymää
- Ketef Hinnom priestly blessing – Probably the oldest surviving texts currently known from the Hebrew Bible – Priestly blessing dated to 600 BC.[32] Text from the Book of Numbers in the Old Testament. Described as "one of most significant discoveries ever made" for biblical studies.[33][34]
- Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets (6th century BC) – Describe the rations set aside for a royal captive identified with Jehoiachin, king of Judah (Cf. 2 Kings 24:12,15–6; 25:27–30; 2 Chronicles 36:9–10; Jeremiah 22:24–6; 29:2; 52:31–4; Ezekiel 17:12).[35]
- Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet – (circa 595 BC) a clay cuneiform inscription referring to an official at the court of Nebuchadrezzar II, king of Babylon, possibly the same official named in the Biblical Jeremiah.
- Lachish letters – letters written in carbon ink by Hoshaiah, a military officer stationed near Jerusalem, to Joash the commanding officer at Lachish during the last years of Jeremiah during Zedekiah’s reign (c.588 BC) (see Nehemiah 12:32, Jeremiah 42:1, 43:2). Lachish fell soon after, two years before the fall of Jerusalem.[36]
- Cylinder of Cyrus (c. 559 BC-530 BC) - British Museum – regarding King Cyrus's treatment of religion, which is significant to the books of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah.
- Cylinder of Nabonidus (555–539 BC) - British Museum – proves Belshazzar's existence. See Daniel 5; 7:1; 8:1. Daniel 5 describes Belshazzar's Feast where a hand was seen writing on the wall of the chamber a mysterious sentence mene mene tekel upharsin. (see also Nabonidus Chronicle)
- Trumpeting place inscription – (after 516 BCE?) A stone (2.43x1 meters) with Hebrew language inscription "To the Trumpeting Place" excavated by B. Mazar at the southern-western corner of the Temple Mount. It is believed to be a directional sign for the priests who blew a trumpet announcing the beginning and end of the Shabbat in the Second Temple period.[37]
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