Joosuan kirjassa on kertomus Juudan pojan serahin suvun yhdestä perhekunnasta, joka tuomittiin sotarikoksesta perhekuntineen.
Joosua 7. kertoo tappiosta Joosuan sodassa. Kyse oli Jerikon valloituksesta ja siitä oli tarkka stretegia. Arkki oli mukana. Mitään tuhonomaksi vihittyä ( saastaista, infektoitunutta) ei saanut ottaa saaliiksi, Sellaista mikä oli pestävissä toi tulella steriloitavissa heillä oli lupa ottaa ja antaa Pyhäkön aarteiksi.Ei kenellekän henkilölle itselleen.
Kuietnkin Serahilainen Aakan, Karmin poika, Sabdin poika , Juudan sukukunansta, otti itselleen tuhonomaksi vihittyä - jonkin kauniin sinerarista peräisin olevan ulkomaisen kankaan sekä kultaa, ja hopeaa ja piilotti ne asuntoonsa. Kansasta arvottiin esiin sukukunta sukukunnalta henkilö ja tämä Aakan tunnusti mitäoli tehnyt. hänen koko perhekuntansa ( alavirtaan päin) sai kuolemanrangaistuksen ja paikka niemttiin aakorin laaksoksi. Näin statistisesti ajatellen tämä olit avallaan symbolinen ratkaisu, jonka järkyttävä vaikutus aiheutti koko kansassa käytöksen muutoksen. Nähdäkseni osa Aakanin perheistä ei ollut missään yhteydessä tähän rikokseen, esim. pikkulapset. Sen takia he ovat sijaiskärsijöitä ja on ymmärrettävää, että kaikki tuollainen sijaiskärsijäksi joutuminen saa joskus korvauksensa. . Myöhemmissa profetioissa tästä Juudan sukukunnan rajamerkistä Aakorin laaksosta sanotaan hyviäkin sanoja. Koetan etsiä niitä
Tämän tapauksen jälkeen
Joosua 8. luku kertoo toisen tilanteen Israelin alkusodista Pyhässä Maassa. Joosua piti kansan katselmuksen (Joosua 8: 10) Jumalan henki oli antanut vahvistuksen että Jumala tukee Joosuan kättä ja armeijaa tässä sodassa pakanuutta vastaan, mutta kansan oli lupa ottaa saaliista ja karjaa; raunioitettava kuitenkin tuo pakanallinen kulttikeskus. Väki teki niin. Silloin he saivat ottaa tiettyä sotasaalista valtiolle eikä kukaan joutunut sotarikoksesta tuomituksi. Nämä sotarikostapaukset ovat myös kaikissa aknsoissa hyvin nopeita äkkituomioitakin jos sota on meneillään. Toisissa olosuhteissa ei rangaistus ehkä olisi samnaasteinen, mutt tässä oli vaikutus koko miljoonakansan käyttäytymiseen hengenvaarallisessa tilanteessa.
Löydän maininan Hoosean kirjasta, joka on muutenkin ei-konventionelli profetia.
Tämä paikkakuntien luettelo tässä Juudan sukukunnan rajalla tuo mieleen UT:n kartomuksen Sakkeuksesta, joka tuli parannukseen ja sai armon ja korjasi omat vääryytensä.
Luukas 19: 4-10.
Joosua mainitsee seuraavat paikkakunnat Juudan Pohjoisrajalla.
"Juudan alueen pohjoinen raja alkaa siitä Suolameren pohjukasta, jossa on Jordanin suu. Sieltä raja nousee Beet-Hoglaan ja kulkee Beet-Araban pohjoispuoliste; edelleen raja nousee Boohanin, Ruubenin pojan, kiveen. Sitten raja nousee Debiriin Aakorin laaksosta ja kääntyy pohjoiseen päin Gilgalia kohti, joka on vastapäätä puron eteläpuolella olevaa Adummimin solaa; sitten raja kulkee een-Shemeksen veteen ja päättyy Roogelin lähteeseen. Joosua 15: 5: 7..
( Adummimin sola lienee se Wadi Kelt ja sen pohjalla on purovettä, Nahal Prat. Olen käynyt tuolla Wadin pohjalla. Siellä on kalliorinteessä eräs luostari)
Adummim kylä on nyt siellä Jerusalemin lähistöllä korkealla vuorella.
Wadi Qilt. Also known as Wadi Qelt, Wadi Kilt, Wady el-Kelt, Wady Kelt ... Along it runs the “Ascent of Adummim,” the main route from Jericho to Jerusalem.
Maale Akrabim on mainittu Joosuassa 16: 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiDkiiqfcqA
Tässä onieno filmi tästä tiestä. keinuvat mutikat teki mieleen vanhan laulun, johon lisäsin värssyn.
---
AA, AA, Allin lasta,
Äiti heijaa tuutilasta!
Taivaan Isä heijaa vasta,
kun äiti lakkaa heijaamasta.
...
Nykyään on asfaltoitu tie. reitti 227 on 34 km. ja se on jakso reitin 206 ja Ovotin välillä.-Originaalinen tie on brittien tekemä 1927 ja ennen vuotta 1956 se toimi pääasiallisena tienä Beershebasta Eilatiin erämaan läpi. Skorppionisolatie on tunnettu kyllä jo historiasta, se on israelilaista kansallista historiallista perimäkohtaa. roomalaiset rakensivat nousurinnetta jo ensimmäisen vuosisadan lopulla Wadi Zin- kansjonista päin kohti pohjoisempaa Negeviä- koettaessaan saada hallintaansa Keski-Itää. Britten mandaattiaikana nousurinnetta rakennettiin hieman uudestaan. Nabatealaisten ajanjaksona tie oli osa maustekauppareittiä.
Netissä on viedoita, joissa tämä tie on moottoripyöräurheilijoiden suosima "hurjastelutie". Israelin Armeija päällysti tietä 1950.
Route 227 (Hebrew: כביש 227, Kvish 227) in Israel is a 34-kilometre (21 mi) road in the eastern Negev desert. It starts from an intersection with Route 206 in the northwest and ends in Ir Ovot in the southeast, intersecting with Highway 90.[1]
It has one at-grade intersection at 19 km. The original road (since
upgraded) was laid by British land surveyors in 1927. Prior to 1956,
this was the primary route from Beersheba to Eilat.[2]
The Scorpion's Pass (Hebrew: מעלה עקרבים,
Ma'ale Akrabim) is a steep, twisted section of Route 227, starting from
the Tzafir stone structure (an archaeological site) in the south.
The Scorpion's Pass is a recognized heritage site in Israel.
The Roman Empire built the ascent in the late 1st century CE from the Wadi Zin to the highlands of the northern Negev desert during their control of the Middle East. Under British control, the ascent was slightly rebuilt to the north.[3]
Modern useThe
pass is known for its extreme danger due to poor physical condition.
Below the pass there is an abyss, and the road has no guard rails. In
addition, the road has extreme dropoffs of hundreds of metres.[5][6][7]
The Israeli Army Corps of Engineers paved it in 1950. It was again repaved in 2004.[3] The National Roads Company of Israel is de facto responsible for the road.
Joosua 15:1 Juudan jälkeläisten sukukunta, heidän sukunsa, saivat arpaosansa etelästä, Edomin rajaan ja Ziinin erämaahan päin, etäisintä etelää myöten. Heidän eteläinen rajansa alkaa Suolameren päästä, sen eteläisimmästä pohjukasta, jatkuu Skorpionisolan eteläpuolitse, kulkee Ziiniin, nousee Kaades-Barnean eteläpuolitse, kulkee Hesronin, nousee Addariin ja kääntyy Karka´aan päin. Edelleen se kulkee Asmoniin ja jatkuu Egyptin puroon; siten raja päättyy mereen. Tämä olkoon teidän eteläinen rajanne.
The Ma'ale Akrabim massacre was an attack on an Israeli civilian
passenger bus, carried out the night of 16-17 March 1954. Eleven
passengers were shot dead by the attackers who ambushed and boarded the
bus. Four passengers survived, 2 of whom had been injured by the gunmen.
Scorpions Pass (Hebrew: Ma'ale 'Akrabim) is a narrow, winding grade
on the old road connecting Eilat and Beersheba, just south of Makhtesh
Katan, and roughly 60 miles south of Beersheba. The pass was on the
primary route between Eilat and central Israel in 1954. The 1948
Arab-Israeli war ended with the signing of several armistice agreements
between Israel and her neighboring Arab states, but border clashes began
almost immediately after the signing agreements.
On the night of 16 March, a bus operated by the Egged Israel
Transport Cooperative Society on an unscheduled journey carrying 14
passengers made its way from Eilat to Tel Aviv. As it was climbing up
the steep grade, it was ambushed by gunmen who shot and killed the
driver as well as passengers who tried to escape; they then proceeded to
board the bus and shoot and pilfer from the remaining passengers. The
male driver, eight male passengers and two female passengers were
killed. The four survivors were a five-year-old girl, Miri Firstenberg,
after one of the soldiers riding the bus defended her with his body, two
Israeli soldiers and a woman.
HALALEI MA´ARACHOT ISRAEL
Israelilainen Eggedin bussi joutui väijytykseen Juudan sukukunnan alueen Skorppionikukkulan jyrkillä rinteillä yösydännä 16-17.3. 1954. Yksitoista matkustajaa sai luodeista surmansa; neljä matkustajaa säilyi hengissä, kaksi heistä luodeista vahingoittuneena.
SKORPIONISOLA ( Ruotsiksi Skorpionhöjden) on kapea, jyrkkä kalteva vanha tie, joka yhdistää eilatin ja beersheban aivan Maktesh katan- pienen kraterin eteläpuolella ( noin 60 mailia Beershebasta) . Vuonna 1954 oli tämä sola pääreittiä Eilatin ja keski-Israelin välillä. Vuoden 1948 arabien ja israelilaisten välinen sota oli päättynyt usean aseellisen osapuolen sopimuksella Israelin ja sitä ympäröivien arabi-naapurivaltioiden kesken, mutta miltei välittömästi sopimuksien allekirjoituksen jälkeen alkoivat rajakahakat.
16.3. 1954 oli Eggedin bussi vakiovuorosta poikkeavalla ajalla kuljettamassa 14 matkustajaa Eilatista Tel-Aviviin.Kun se oli nousemassa jyrkkää kaltevaa tietä, väijytyksessä ollut ampuja ampui ja surmasi ajajan ja matkustajat , jotka koettivat paeta. Miesajaja, kahdeksan miespuolista matkustajaa ja kaksi naismatkustajaa sai surmansa. neljä eloonjäänyttä olivat eräs 5-vuotias tyttö, Miri Firstenberg,sillä yksi bussissa matkustanut sotilas suojasi häntä omalla kehollaan, sekä kaksi sotilasta ja yksi nainen.
Miten Israel muistaa terrorinuhrien ja orpojensa kohtaloa? HALALEI MA´ARACHOT ISRAEL 2018 On Tuesday, the eve of the Day of
Remembrance for the Fallen Soldiers of Israel and Victims of Terrorism,
hundreds of members of bereaved families attended the annual ”Songs in
TheirMemory” event in the Knesset`s Chagall Hall.
The main
national event on the eve of the Day of Remembrance was held in the
presence of President Reuven Rivlin and Prime Minister MK Benjamin
Netanyahu, with the participation of Speaker of the Knesset MK Yuli Yoel
Edelstein, Supreme Court President Esther Hayut, Defense Minister
Avigdor Liberman, Minister of Labor, Social Affairs and Social Services
Haim Katz, Police Commissioner Roni Alsheikh, Deputy IDF Chief of Staff
Maj.-Gen. Aviv Kochavi, Prison Service Commissioner Ofra Klinger and
Mossad Director Yossi Cohen, all of whom recited poems in memory of
fallen soldiers.
- The story of Miri Firstenberg,
who survived the Ma`ale Akrabim massacre on March 17, 1954. Miri`s
parents were among the 11 people who were murdered when terrorists
ambushed and boarded a passenger bus travelling from Eilat to Tel Aviv.
Miri, who was five years old at the time of the attack, was saved by a
soldier who defended her with his body and was killed in the process.
Her brother, who was nine, was shot, and he spent 32 years in a state of
paralysis and partial recognition until he died. Miri`s granddaughter
Tomer, a commander at the Bahad 1 officers` training base, will attend
the event.
Näistä on dokumenttia Raamatussa. Nykyaikana naapurvaltiot vain siirtelevät jokien virtausta omille puolilleen, jopa Suolameren vedetkin aiotaan siilata Jordanian puolella lähiaikoina, osittain saadaan myös juomakelpoistakin desalinoitua ehkä esiin. Niissähän vesissä on suunnaton määrä arvometalleja vuosituhansien konsentroitumisen seurauksena. Jordania aikoo kaivaa Arnonin kohdalta kanavan Punaisenmeren ja Suolameren välille kokonaan Jordanian puolella. Arabimaat estävät että Kuollutmeri asetettaisiin Unescon maailmanperinnöksi, sillä silloin sitä ei saisi ryöstää teollisuudelle tekemällä yksityisten omia päätöksiä. Israelin ratkaisuja Suolameren kuivumiseen ei hyväksytty.
Eihän edes Genesaretia pidetä mitenkään "vesialtaaksi"kelpaavana , vaan jordanialaiset ja syyrialaiset tehneet patoaltaita, joissa ei ole puhdistusvirtausta. Kineretiin ja Jordanin vesistöalueeseen laskeva vesimäärä on tyrehdytetty 90-prosenttisesti tukkimalla kaikki idästä tulevat laskujoet padoilla ja kierrättämällä Hatsbani toiseen suuntaan ja nyt koetetaan saada kaapattua Banias uusilla valheilla puhumalla Golanin okkupaatiosta ja palauttamisesta Syyrialle. Kyse on Israelin vesivarojen edelleen tyrehdyttämisestä. Arabiliiga koettaa johtaa Baniaksen Golanin takaa kierrättämällä- ehkä niitä vuoritunneleita tehdäänkin jo silläkin puolen Golania ja hermonia, eikä vain Libanon ole rei-itetty. Muutetaan normaalia vedenjakajaa , vaikka on olemassa vesistöalueita ikivanhoista ajoista, ja ne kattavat itse asiassa alunperin kaiken Arabian niemimaan ja jos niitä noudatettaisiin, voitaisiin elvyttää vedensaanti.
Jordanin lähteiden käntö Syyriaan ja muille kuin Israelille on ollut 1964 aikoihin alkusuunnitelma josta esim 1967-sotakin virisi.
Tänä vuonna on kyllä sateista tullu korvausvettä Kinneretiin ja Aravaan.
Löysin netistä kertomuksen Israelin virroista: etsin siihen viiteet raamatusta , jos vain löydän. https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/rivers-of-israel/
Hermon – A stream descending from Mount Hermon through
the conjunction of the Golan Heights and the Hula Valley, the Hermon
courses for over 2 miles along a steep basalt gorge and through the
ancient city of Paneas (Caesarea Philippi) southward to the Banias
waterfall, the most powerful in Israel, and beyond. The perennial stream
is sourced from the rain and snowmelt that fosters springs at the foot
of the Paneas cave, and in turn supplies the Jordan River with most of
its water.
Snir (Hatzbani) – The longest tributary of the
Jordan River, the perennial Snir stream flows through a forest of plane
trees and yellowish travertine rock walls, and is subject to annual
flooding. Descending from the western slope of Mount Hermon, Snir
(another biblical name for Mount Hermon) runs for over 37 miles (mostly
in Lebanon, where it bypasses the Druze town of Hatzbaya, hence its
Arabic name Hatzbani), and for over 3 miles through an Israeli nature
reserve in the Galilean panhandle (the “Finger of Galilee”). Denizens of
the stream include otters, porcupines, wild boars, mongooses, badgers,
river crabs, dragonflies, and damselflies.
Dan – The largest
tributary of the Jordan River, rising from a plentiful karstic spring in
the ancient Israelite city of Dan (Tel Dan), formerly known as
Laish/Leshem. Rainwater and snowmelt trickling down from Mount Hermon
feed the stream, which courses for about 12 miles through a shady
wetland forest of laurel and ash trees and plants such as buckthorn and
marsh fern. The vicinity, within the Galilean panhandle (the “Finger of Galilee”),
is also home to Near Eastern fire salamanders, otters, wild boars,
river crabs, dragonflies, and damselflies. The cool stream features
several rivulets that combine with the Hermon and Snir streams, and is
spanned by several wooden bridges. Kibbutz Dan and Kibbutz Dafna are
nearby.
Iyyon (Ayun) – A stream originating in Lebanon and
flowing through a gorge in the Galilean panhandle (the “Finger of
Galilee”) from Iyyon (Ayun) Valley to Hula Valley, bypassing en route
the ancient ruins of Avel Beit Ma’akhah and the modern town of Metulla,
the northernmost in the State of Israel. In his war against King Baasha
of Israel, King Asa of Judah bribed King Ben-Hadad of Aram with silver
and gold to make war on Baasha in the north; Ben-Hadad obliged and
attacked the northern sites of Iyyon, Dan, Avel Beit Ma’akhah, etc.
During the reign of King Pekah of Israel, Emperor Tiglat-Pileser III of
Assyria conquered Iyyon, Avel Beit Ma’akhah, Hatzor, and other northern
towns in the Naphtali tribal territory, exiling their inhabitants to
Assyria. The scenic stream includes four waterfalls: Tanur, Tahana,
Iyyon, and Eshed. In the Talmud, the stream and its gorge are referred
to in Aramaic as “Nekuvta D’Iyyon”.-- ( -II Kn. 16: 4. Benhadadin sotaoukkojen päälliköt valtasivat Iijonin, Daanin ja Aabel-Maimin sekä kaikki Naftalin kaupunkien varastohuoneet) (Jesaja 7:23)
Meshushim – A perennial stream almost 22 miles in
length (the longest in the Golan), coursing through a deep basalt canyon
within the Yehudiya Forest amid the central Golan Heights. The stream
originates at Mount Avital and terminates in Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee), where it forms
an estuary lagoon. The stream leads to the sizable Meshushim pool
surrounded by a cliff of hexagonal basalt pillars. The area is replete with oak, eucalyptus, mastic, styrax, jujube, and almond trees, and is also
noted for its population of wild boars, eagles, vultures, kestrels,
buzzards, mountain gazelles, and hyraxes, among other fauna. The
Meshushim, one of four streams in the Yehudiya Forest (the others being
Zavitan, Yehudiya, and Daliyot) flows near the ancient Jewish town of
Gamla, a prominent mountain site famous for its dramatic battle and mass
suicide during the Great Revolt (66 -73 CE) against the Romans, and the
ancient Jewish village of Yehudiya, whose ruined synagogues remain in
evidence
Kziv – A perennial stream flowing for over 12 miles
through Upper Galilee from Mount Meron to Akhziv, and the longest
watercourse in Galilee. The ruined Crusader fortress of Montfort,
erstwhile stronghold of Teutonic knights, perches on a spur overlooking
the Kziv. The stream features several springs along its course.
Kishon
– A river originating south of the Gilboa mountain range and flowing
northwestward through the Jezreel Valley and north of the Carmel
mountain range, reaching its outlet, the Mediterranean Sea, just north
of Haifa. The river extends for over 43 miles. In Joshua 19:11, it is referred to as “the river before Yokne’am”; in Judges 5: 19- 21) ,
for its role in the triumph of Devorah and her general Barak against
King Yavin and his general Sisera, it is celebrated thusly: “Kings came;
they fought. Yes, the kings of Canaan fought at Ta’anakh, by the waters
of Megiddo; but they took no spoil of silver. They fought from heaven,
the stars in their courses; yes, they fought against Sisera. The Kishon
River swept them away, that ancient river, the Kishon River. O my soul,
march on with strength!” The river is also cited in Psalms (Ps.83:10). The
prophet Elijah subsequently had the 450 defeated prophets of Baal
seized and taken down from the Carmel range to the Kishon, where they
were slain with the sword (I Kn.18: 40) . In winter the Kishon is often flooded,
rendering its fords impassable. In the modern era, the mouth of the
river was deepened and developed to establish an auxiliary port near
Haifa Bay. In recent decades the river was chemically polluted by
industrial effluents and municipal wastewater, but a major cleanup was
lately undertaken
8,,,,Taninim – A sparkling coastal
stream running for almost 16 miles between the Menasheh Heights of the
Carmel mountain range and the Mediterranean Sea, and named after the
former reptile residents (in Hebrew, taninim = crocodiles) of the
proximate Kebara swamp. The stream is ornamented with yellow water
lilies on its surface and contains fish such as tilapia, catfish, and
gray mullet, as well as Caspian turtles below its surface. An extant dam
from the late Roman or early Byzantine period was built to raise the
stream’s water level so that it could be channeled southward to Caesarea
Maritima, which was built by King Herod the Great of Judaea and which
served as the Roman administrative capital in the Land of Israel. A
by-product of the dam was a small lake. Taninim is regarded as the
cleanest coastal watercourse in Israel, and it delimits the southern
extent of the Hof HaCarmel (Carmel Coastal Plain). The ancient remnants
of a city dating from the Persian or Hellenistic eras and once known as
Crocodilopolis (Tel Taninim) rest along the confluence of the stream and
the sea.
9... Amud – A stream in eastern Galilee that flows southward for over 15 miles and descends into Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee) at Ginnosar Valley. The watercourse is named after an isolated limestone pillar (in Hebrew, amud = pillar) about 22 yards tall that stands upright
along the streambed, beside which rises the seasonal spring Ein Amud.
Amud is especially known for its adjacent caves (Dovecote, Amud,
Skull/Zuttiyeh, Amira), all of which have been excavated, and which were
found to contain the remains of Neanderthals and other prehistoric
humans, as well as for its cliff-dwelling vultures, eagles, kestrels,
falcons, and buzzards. In the stream swim Levantine scraper fish, and
its springs feature river crabs, dragonflies, and damselflies. Along the
stream can be found lush riparian vegetation and a diverse array of
trees: oak, terebinth, carob, styrax, mastic, almond, walnut, jujube,
plane, willow, and Eastern strawberry. Nearby are the remnants of a
pagan temple on Mount Mizpeh HaYamim dating from the Hellenistic era,
and of the Jewish village Kfar Hananiah dating from the Hasmonean era,
as well as the eastern slopes of Mount Meron, on which the Mishnaic
sages Shimon bar Yohai and his son Eleazar ben Shimon are entombed.
Alongside the stream are the ruins of more than two dozen flour and
fulling mills dating from the 1500s, attesting to early modern Tzfat’s
wool industry, introduced by Sephardic Jewish exiles post-Spanish
expulsion (1492 CE). The National Water Carrier traverses Amud stream in
a camouflaged siphon pipe 10---Alexander – A coastal flood stream in the Sharon Plain,
flowing for almost 20 miles from the western slopes of Samaria westward
then northwestward through the Hefer Valley until reaching the
Mediterranean Sea, with its estuary between Beit Yannai beach and
Mikhmoret. The stream channels through eucalyptus trees, reeds,
bulrushes, and brambles, and is home to an abundance of giant
soft-shelled turtles, as well as specimens of tilapia, catfish, mullet,
and river eel. Its riverbanks feature rich riparian wildlife, including
green sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, coypus, and mongooses. The
terrain near the mouth of the stream consists of kurkar (coastal
limestone) ridges and sand dunes. Close by lie the remnants of a
structure dating to the late 1800s, Horvat Samara. In June 1948, the
Etzel vessel Altalena anchored at a nearby port before sailing onward to Tel Aviv.
11.... Kanah (Qana)
– A seasonal stream and the Yarkon River’s northernmost tributary,
rising from the vicinity of Mount Gerizim in Samaria and flowing
southwestward into the Sharon Plain. The Kanah has its own tributary,
Nahal Hadar, which courses east and south of the mound of Tel Qana,
where ancient winepresses have been excavated. The Kanah served as the
boundary between the tribal territories of western Menasheh to the north
and Ephraim to the south (Joshua 16: 8)(Joshua 17: 7. Today the stream bypasses numerous
communities including Karnei Shomron, Kfar Saba, and Hod HaSharon.
12...Yarkon – A perennial river rising from springs
proximate to Tel Aphek (Antipatris) and Rosh HaAyin and winding for 17
miles westward till it spills into the Mediterranean Sea in northern Tel
Aviv. Its name is derived from its greenish hue (in Hebrew, yarok
= green; the name Aphek, incidentally, derives from the Akkadian word
Aphek/Aphekum, meaning springs, whence the Hebrew word Apheek, meaning
riverbed/streambed). The river’s source is by the narrow Aphek Passage,
through which the ancient Via Maris road passed so as to circumvent the
quondam marshes. The Yarkon marks the boundary between the northern
section of the Coastal Plain (i.e. the Sharon Plain) and the Coastal
Plain’s lowlands to the south. It receives a number of tributaries from
north and south. The stream’s water sometimes runs red due to its reddish hamra soil, and according to the Mishnah, where it is
referred to as mei pugah, its water was deemed unfit for ritual service
in the Temple because it was marshy. The modern Yarkon Park, through
which the stream courses, is replete with oak, carob, and eucalyptus
trees. Yellow water lilies grow in the pond near the stream’s source,
and silver Yarkon bream swim in the stream and in a discrete pool near
its spring. Other denizens of the stream include Nile soft-shelled
turtles, tilapias, catfish, mosquito fish, coypus, terrapins, mallards,
moorhens, swamp cats, and porcupines. Vestiges of Canaanite palaces and a
Roman odeon (music theater) are found at Tel Aphek, and a 16th century
Turkish fortress, Pinar Basha, crowns Tel Aphek near the stream. In the
modern era, cities that have cropped up in the vicinity include Petah
Tikvah, Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan, and Tel Aviv. General Edmund Allenby
crossed the stream with his British army during his campaign against the
Ottoman Turks in 1917. From the 1950s, the stream became increasingly
polluted, but hydrological rehabilitation efforts have greatly improved
the water quality in recent years. Since 1955, much of the Yarkon’s
headwaters have been diverted via the National Water Carrier to the
Negev Desert for irrigation purposes.
13....Sorek – A stream flowing through the Sorek Valley in the
tribal territory of Judah, where the Israelite judge Samson encountered
the duplicitous Philistiness, Delilah. Several of its tributaries
feature waterfalls. The Sorek served as the boundary between the
original (southwestern) tribal territory of Dan and Philistia, and the
Philistine city of Ekron and the Israelite city of Beit Shemesh were
located proximate to the stream. Today the old Jerusalem-Tel Aviv
railway parallels the watercourse.
14...Kisalon – A Judean river flowing for
over 12 miles through the Jerusalem hills from Mount Adar to the
outskirts of Beit Shemesh in the Sorek Valley. The Kisalon features the
picturesque spring of Ein Hemed (Aqua Bella), where a Crusader farm
house dating from the 1100s and probably belonging to the Knights
Hospitaler is preserved. Today the Kisalon bypasses Martyrs’ Forest,
whose 6 million trees commemorate the Jewish victims of the Shoah.
(15) Gerar – A brook that rises from the southwest foothills
of the Judean hills and courses westward through rich pastoral country
in the northwestern Negev Desert and past several ancient Egyptian
archeological sites dating from the Bronze Age. During the subsequent
Iron Age, the Gerar brook and the royal city of the same name were under
Philistine control. The Philistine ruler, King Avimelekh of Gerar, took
the matriarch Sarah captive when Abraham had to sojourn in Gerar for a
time due to famine (Genesis 20:1); later Isaac likewise sojourned in Gerar for
identical reasons, and soon dwelt in the river valley and unstopped the
wells of his father Abraham that the Philistines had since filled up
with earth (Genesis 26:18-22). Here Isaac’s servants dug two new wells of living water,
called Esek and Sitnah, of which the Philistines contested ownership,
then a third well called Rehovot that went uncontested. The brook also
flowed near the Philistine fortress of Ziklag, where David and his
followers lived for a period ( I Sam. 27: 6) while hunted by an unstable King Saul of
Israel. Thereafter King Asa of Judah battled against Zerah the Ethiopian
and his vast army and hundreds of chariots, pursuing the fleeing
Ethiopians from Mareshah to Gerar, routing them and despoiling the local
towns (II Chr. 14: 13-14). In a hasty treaty between the Seleucid (Syrian-Greek) ruler
Emperor Antiochus V Eupator (and his regent Lysias) and the Hasmonean
hero Judah Maccabee, Gerar served as the southern border of the coastal
region under Seleucid control. The city of Gerar has been identified
with several ruins, perhaps most convincingly with the large mound known
as Tel Haror/Tel Abu Hurayra. Today the Gerar brook bypasses the
Bedouin town of Rahat, as well as the town of Netivot and village of
Re’im.
(16) Besor – The largest stream in the northern Negev Desert,
extending for almost 50 miles from Mount Boker across the Agur-Halutza
sand dunes and the Gaza Strip to the Mediterranean Sea. In his pursuit
of the Amalekites, who had attacked and burnt his haven of Ziklag, David
left behind at the brook 200 of his 600 men, who safeguarded their
possessions while the other 400 ventured off to war.(I Sam. 30:9-10,21) The Besor has
numerous tributaries and floods yearly after heavy rains.
17... Jordan (Yarden) – The primary watercourse in the Land of
Israel, formed by the confluence of a trio of headwater streams
(Snir/Hatzbani, Dan, Banias) at the base of Mount Hermon. The Jordan
(“the descender” or “descending from Dan”) extends for about 225 miles
southward through Lakelet Hula and Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee)
and continues descending southward along a significant gradient until as
a delta it empties into the north shore of the Dead Sea. Declining some
3,000 feet from its northern source to its southern mouth, the Jordan
is shallow in summertime and profound in wintertime. Its usually swift
current ferries considerable silt, and the salinity of its water
increases as it nears the Dead Sea. Coursing through luxuriant
vegetation, the river features some 31 fords (kahlaamo) , and possesses the lowest
elevation of any river in the world. In the period of the conquest and
resettlement of the Land of Israel, the Israelites followed Joshua
across the Jordan near Jericho. When the men of Reuven, Gad, and eastern
Menasheh departed from the rest of the Israelite tribes, they paused
while still on the western riverbank of the Jordan and erected a large
altar to serve as a symbolic “witness” attesting to the fact that they,
too, had a share in the God of Israel.(Joshua 22:10 -34) The Jordan was the tribal border
between eastern Menasheh, Gad, and Reuven to the east (in Transjordania)
and Naphtali, Issachar, western Menasheh, Ephraim, and Benjamin to the
west (in Cisjordania). In the period of the Judges, Gideon adjured the
Ephraimites to capture the lower fords to prevent the Midianites and
their chieftains Orev and Ze’ev from fording the Jordan, and later
Yiftah and the Gileadites secured the lower fords and slew 42,000
Ephraimites in battle after the Ammonites had been defeated (Judges 12) . In time
King Solomon of Israel established his brass-foundries in the thick clay
by the Jordan’s riverbanks between Sukkot and Tzartan (I Kn. 7: 46). The river’s
water was deemed unfit for ritual use in the Temple due to its impurity.
The prophets Elijah and Elisha both forded the Jordan dry-shod after
striking it with Elijah’s rolled-up cloak, thereby dividing it. (II Kn. 2:8) Elisha
performed further riverine miracles when he directed the disease-ridden
Aramean general Na’aman to immerse himself seven times in the Jordan’s
waters, which healed Na’aman’s skin (II Kn. 5: 10, 14) , and when he caused an iron axe
blade to float up from the Jordan’s depths after one of his prophetic
disciples had inadvertently dropped it into the river (II. Kn. 6 3-7). In the Hasmonean
era, Judah Maccabee and Jonathan Maccabee crossed the Jordan prior to
their rescue campaign in Gilead; later, after Judah’s death, Jonathan
Maccabee, Shimon Maccabee, and their force of Maccabean freedom fighters
bivouacked by the marshes and thickets of the Jordan during their
campaign against the formidable Seleucid (Syrian-Greek) general
Bacchides, at one point swimming across the river after routing the
enemy. Jesus of Nazareth was baptized in the river by his relative John.
In the modern era, half a dozen bridges were erected to span the river,
including: Arik Bridge, between Galilee and the Golan Heights; Jordan
River Crossing/Sheikh Hussein Bridge, a border crossing, between Galilee
and Jordan; Gesher Adam/Damiya Bridge, between Samaria and Jordan; and
Allenby/King Hussein Bridge, another border crossing, between Judea and
Jordan. The malign attempt by Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan to divert the
river’s headwaters in 1965 was a contributing factor to the ensuing
Six-Day War of 1967. Immortalized in the Tanakh, the Jordan has been
celebrated further in many spiritual hymns and folk songs. Today the
river is used for irrigation in order to grow fruits and vegetables and
for recreational rafting, and remains revered by Christians as a
baptismal site.
(18) Yarmuk – The largest tributary of the Jordan River, with
its sources amid a lava plateau in the Golan Heights. The narrow and
shallow Yarmuk flows with many convolutions southwestward, widening and
deepening as it joins the Jordan several miles south of Lake Kinneret
(the Sea of Galilee). The river has its own tributaries, which feature
numerous waterfalls. The Yarmuk served as the northern boundary of the
Transjordanian geographical region of Gilead. According to the Mishnah,
its water was deemed unfit for ritual use because it was “mixed”, which
the medieval sage Eshtori HaParhi explained meant blended with the
waters of Hamat Gader (Gadara), whose hot springs the Yarmuk skirts. In
the Talmud, the sage Johanan bar Nappaha asserts that the Yarmuk is
second only to the Jordan (in volume) among Israel’s rivers. In 636 CE,
the Battle of Yarmuk River proved to be a decisive victory for the
Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid against Theodorus Trithurius and
the Byzantine Christians, whose Armenian and Christian Arab allies had
deserted them. In 1946, during Operation Markolet (a.k.a. “The Night of
the Bridges”), the Haganah bombed the Hejaz Railway bridge spanning the
Yarmuk. For most of its length (approx. 50 miles) it serves as the
northeastern border between Israel and Jordan. (19) Kireet(Cherith) – An eastern
tributary of the Jordan River where Elijah the prophet was divinely
directed to hide and dwell, there to be sustained by the brook’s water
and fed by its ravens who brought him bread and meat morning and
evening. When the brook dried up during the drought which he had
foretold, Elijah was directed to move on to be sustained by the widow of
Tzarfat.(I Kn. 17: 3-7; 8-10). (20) Yabok (Jabbok) – The second-largest tributary of the
Jordan River, joining the latter between Lake Kinneret (the Sea of
Galilee) and the Dead Sea. Stretching some 62 miles, the Yabok emanates
from a spring proximate to Rabat-Ammon and divides mountainous Gilead
into two. After departing Haran, the patriarch Jacob forded the Yabok en
route to his long-awaited yet dreaded reunion with his brother Esav. (Genesis 32; 22-24, 30).
He
conveyed his household and their possessions across the Yabok, and that
night at the site known thereafter as Penuel (Peniel), a future capital
of the Kingdom of Israel, he wrestled with a mysterious figure until
daybreak. The Yabok served as the Ammonite-Amorite frontier—the dominion
of the Amorite king Sihon extended between the Yabok and Arnon
rivers— ( Joshua 12: 1-6)until the Amorites were defeated by Moses and the Israelites in
the preliminary stages of the conquest and resettlement of Canaan.(Numeri 32:39) It
subsequently served as the boundary between the Israelite tribes of
Reuven and Gad to the south and Ammon to the north, and coursed by the
Israelite capitals of Penuel and Mahanaim, as well as the town of
Sukkot. ( During the Hellenistic era, the Yabok also functioned as the
border of the domain of a prominent Jewish clan, the Tobiads. Thereafter
the Romans erected a bridge spanning the Yabok. In Arabic the Yabok is
called the Zarqa.
(21) Heshbon – An intermittent stream in Transjordania
descending westward from the vicinity of the town of Heshbon in the
heights of Moab through a verdant ribbon toward the longer watercourse
Wadi al-Kafrein, which it joins in the Jordan River Valley north of the
Dead Sea. The stream served as the boundary between the tribal
territories of Gad to the north and Reuven to the south, and as the
southern boundary of the geographical region Gilead. The oft-contested
town of Heshbon first belonged to Moab, then served as the capital of
King Sihon of the Amorites, then was allotted by Moses to the tribal
territory of Reuven (Joshua 13:17) , then became a Levitical city (Joshua 21:39) in the tribal
territory of Gad (Joshua 13: 26) (Deuteronomium 3: 16-20) , then was reclaimed by King Mesha of Moab, then was
reconquered by the Hasmonean ruler King Yannai Alexander of Judea, then
became a military veterans’ colony in Perea (southern Gilead and the
Mishor) under King Herod the Great. In the Songs of Songs, the
male persona romanticizes his beloved with the description, “your eyes
[are] like the pools in Heshbon(Song of songs 6: 4) ”. Ruins of a reservoir are extant at the
town.(Esaiah 15: 4)
(22) Arnon – The meandering Arnon flows northward then
westward through limestone hills and a steep gorge into the eastern
shore of the Dead Sea, opposite Ein Gedi. It extends for approximately
50 miles, is alternately broad and narrow, and deepens considerably
(down to about 10 feet) during winter. It served as the boundary between
the Amorites in the north and the Moabites in the south; after the
Israelite conquest, it similarly divided the tribe of Reuven to the
north and Moab to the south. King Mesha of Moab mentions the Arnon, and
the roads (or fords) across it that he constructed, in his famous stele.
The Arnon’s fords were indeed a critical link along the King’s Highway
that traversed Transjordania from Eilat to Damascus. The river figures
in the Tanakh when it cites “the lords of Arnon’s heights”, when the
prophet Isaiah avers that the “daughters of Moab at the fords of the
Arnon are like fluttering birds pushed from the nest” (Esaiah 16: 2) (, and when the
prophet Jeremiah relates the divine prophecy declaring: “Proclaim it by
the Arnon that Moab has been laid waste”. (Jer. 48_20) The largest settlement in the
vicinity in ancient times was the city of Aroer )Joshua 13: 16) (Deuteronomium 2:36; 3:12). . In the Hasmonean era,
the region was claimed by Johanan Hyrcanus and his son King Yannai
Alexander, with the Arnon again serving as the boundary between the
Judean kingdom to the north and Nabatea to the south. In the Roman era, a
legion was stationed by the Arnon to secure the Eilat-Bozrah road
crossing it. The Sages instituted a special blessing (“Blessed be He who
performed miracles for our forefathers at this place.”) upon seeing the
Arnon in commemoration of a legendary miracle that occurred when the
Ark of the Covenant caused the ambuscading Amorites to be crushed in
their cavernous hideouts, allowing the Israelites to proceed unmolested
northward across the mountains of Gilead. The Arnon also became renowned
for its plentiful fish and diverse wildlife.
(23) Zered – A river flowing northwestward through a
deep rift into the south shore of the Dead Sea. The Zered extends for
some 28 miles and served as the border between Moab to the north and
Edom to the south, and was a camping site of the Israelites in their
approach to the Promised Land. The river features on the Madaba Map
south of Kerak.(Deuteronomium 2: 13)
(24) Ze’elim – Named after its shady lotus trees, the
Tze’elim stream courses from the Hebron hills through the Judean Desert
toward the Dead Sea between Ein Gedi and Masada. The stream bypasses a
trio of caves and four pools of water. (25) Tzin-The largest seasonal stream in the Negev Desert, rising in the northwest
of the erosion cirque Makhtesh Ramon and flowing northward then
eastward for almost 75 miles through an arid limestone landscape. The
watercourse meanders south of Kibbutz Sde Boker through the narrow Ein
Avdat canyon, which features springs, waterfalls, and pools, as well as
poplar trees and saltbush shrubs. Ibexes forage for provender in the
area, and birds of prey (eagles, hawks, vultures) and bulbul songbirds
hunt and swoop overhead. The wilderness of Tzin was where the Israelite
spies began their reconnaissance mission in Canaan; where the Israelites
encamped after Etzion-Gever (near Eilat); where Miriam died ( Numeri 20: 1) and was
buried; where at Kadesh Moses twice struck the rock he was divinely
instructed to speak to, which gushed forth the water of Meribah ( Numeri 20: 9-13); and
where the southern border of the Promised Land traversed between Ma’aleh
Akrabbim and Kadesh Barnea. (Numeri 20: 22). Today the stream is known for its surging
flash floods after heavy rainfall in winter, and the area is popular
among hikers.
(Numeri 21: 10-25)
(26)Paran – Coursing for over 93 miles through the Negev
Desert and Sinai Peninsula, the Paran stream is the widest and third
longest watercourse in Israel. The Paran wilderness is traversed by Wadi
el-Arish’s eastern affluents. This beige desert landscape, southwest of
the Tzin river valley and north of the Gulf of Eilat and the Red Sea,
was where King Chedarlaomer of Elam and his royal alliance assailed the
Horites. Abraham’s concubine Hagar was dispatched from Be’ersheva to
Paran with her son Ishmael, who in this locus became an archer and
married an Egyptian wife. During their wilderness wanderings, the
Israelites traveled from the Sinai Desert and via Hatzerot encamped at
Paran. ( Numeri 13:1). Moses dispatched the 12 Israelite spies into Canaan from Paran ( Numeri 13: 3-34) ,
to which they returned after reconnoitering for 40 days, and later he
addressed the people “between Paran and Tophel and Lavan and Hatzerot
and Di Zahav” (Deuteronomium 1:1). Later the fugitive David, having effected a temporary
truce with King Saul of Israel, retreated to Paran after the death of
the prophet Samuel ( I Sam. 25: 1) . Thereafter the young royal scion of Edom, Hadad,
fled King David and Yoav his general, escaping to Midian then crossing
Paran and collecting local men there to join them in their flight to
Egypt. In the Roman era, a road traversed the area. Today the stream is
known for its flash floods in wintertime, and the surrounding desert for
its recently introduced population of Arabian oryxes.
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Originaalia alla:
Rivers of Israel
The Land of Israel’s numerous rivers sustain life—human, animal,
and plant—as they channel through valleys, mountain ranges, and deserts
into larger watercourses, lakes, or the sea. The main river in Israel is
the famed Jordan, into which many important headwaters and tributaries
flow. Most of Israel’s watercourses are perennial or intermittent
streams with considerably less volume output in seasons other than
winter.
From the outset of ancient Near Eastern civilization, rivers
served as ready-made borders dividing nations, tribes, and clans, and
many important cities, towns, and villages developed alongside them.
Good rivers made good neighbors. Such definitional waters were to be
shared, and egregious deviations from this principle were grounds for
war. Key battles, unsurprisingly, occurred at various rivers, and
fording a river signaled the crossing of a threshold, perhaps even a
point of no return.
Yet the rivers of Israel played a prominent part as a
precious resource not only in the lives and times of the Israelites and
their myriad neighbors, but in the rich ecology and biodiversity of the
country. Here is a précis offering a glimpse at the most geographically
and historically significant rivers in Israel:
Hermon – A stream descending from Mount Hermon
through the conjunction of the Golan Heights and the Hula Valley, the
Hermon courses for over 2 miles along a steep basalt gorge and through
the ancient city of Paneas (Caesarea Philippi) southward to the Banias
waterfall, the most powerful in Israel, and beyond. The perennial stream
is sourced from the rain and snowmelt that fosters springs at the foot
of the Paneas cave, and in turn supplies the Jordan River with most of
its water.
Snir (Hatzbani) – The longest tributary of the
Jordan River, the perennial Snir stream flows through a forest of plane
trees and yellowish travertine rock walls, and is subject to annual
flooding. Descending from the western slope of Mount Hermon, Snir
(another biblical name for Mount Hermon) runs for over 37 miles (mostly
in Lebanon, where it bypasses the Druze town of Hatzbaya, hence its
Arabic name Hatzbani), and for over 3 miles through an Israeli nature
reserve in the Galilean panhandle (the “Finger of Galilee”). Denizens of
the stream include otters, porcupines, wild boars, mongooses, badgers,
river crabs, dragonflies, and damselflies.
Dan – The largest tributary of the Jordan River,
rising from a plentiful karstic spring in the ancient Israelite city of
Dan (Tel Dan), formerly known as Laish/Leshem. Rainwater and snowmelt
trickling down from Mount Hermon feed the stream, which courses for
about 12 miles through a shady wetland forest of laurel and ash trees
and plants such as buckthorn and marsh fern. The vicinity, within the
Galilean panhandle (the “Finger of Galilee”), is also home to Near
Eastern fire salamanders, otters, wild boars, river crabs, dragonflies,
and damselflies. The cool stream features several rivulets that combine
with the Hermon and Snir streams, and is spanned by several wooden
bridges. Kibbutz Dan and Kibbutz Dafna are nearby.
Iyyon (Ayun) – A stream originating in Lebanon and
flowing through a gorge in the Galilean panhandle (the “Finger of
Galilee”) from Iyyon (Ayun) Valley to Hula Valley, bypassing en route
the ancient ruins of Avel Beit Ma’akhah and the modern town of Metulla,
the northernmost in the State of Israel. In his war against King Baasha
of Israel, King Asa of Judah bribed King Ben-Hadad of Aram with silver
and gold to make war on Baasha in the north; Ben-Hadad obliged and
attacked the northern sites of Iyyon, Dan, Avel Beit Ma’akhah, etc.
During the reign of King Pekah of Israel, Emperor Tiglat-Pileser III of
Assyria conquered Iyyon, Avel Beit Ma’akhah, Hatzor, and other northern
towns in the Naphtali tribal territory, exiling their inhabitants to
Assyria. The scenic stream includes four waterfalls: Tanur, Tahana,
Iyyon, and Eshed. In the Talmud, the stream and its gorge are referred
to in Aramaic as “Nekuvta D’Iyyon”.
Meshushim – A perennial stream almost 22 miles in
length (the longest in the Golan), coursing through a deep basalt canyon
within the Yehudiya Forest amid the central Golan Heights. The stream
originates at Mount Avital and terminates in Lake Kinneret (the Sea of
Galilee), where it forms an estuary lagoon. The stream leads to the
sizable Meshushim pool surrounded by a cliff of hexagonal basalt
pillars. The area is replete with oak, eucalyptus, mastic, styrax,
jujube, and almond trees, and is also noted for its population of wild
boars, eagles, vultures, kestrels, buzzards, mountain gazelles, and
hyraxes, among other fauna. The Meshushim, one of four streams in the
Yehudiya Forest (the others being Zavitan, Yehudiya, and Daliyot) flows
near the ancient Jewish town of Gamla, a prominent mountain site famous
for its dramatic battle and mass suicide during the Great Revolt (66-73
CE) against the Romans, and the ancient Jewish village of Yehudiya,
whose ruined synagogues remain in evidence.
Kziv – A perennial stream flowing for over 12 miles
through Upper Galilee from Mount Meron to Akhziv, and the longest
watercourse in Galilee. The ruined Crusader fortress of Montfort,
erstwhile stronghold of Teutonic knights, perches on a spur overlooking
the Kziv. The stream features several springs along its course.
Kishon – A river originating south of the Gilboa
mountain range and flowing northwestward through the Jezreel Valley and
north of the Carmel mountain range, reaching its outlet, the
Mediterranean Sea, just north of Haifa. The river extends for over 43
miles. In Joshua, it is referred to as “the river before Yokne’am”; in Judges,
for its role in the triumph of Devorah and her general Barak against
King Yavin and his general Sisera, it is celebrated thusly: “Kings came;
they fought. Yes, the kings of Canaan fought at Ta’anakh, by the waters
of Megiddo; but they took no spoil of silver. They fought from heaven,
the stars in their courses; yes, they fought against Sisera. The Kishon
River swept them away, that ancient river, the Kishon River. O my soul,
march on with strength!” The river is also cited in Psalms. The
prophet Elijah subsequently had the 450 defeated prophets of Baal
seized and taken down from the Carmel range to the Kishon, where they
were slain with the sword. In winter the Kishon is often flooded,
rendering its fords impassable. In the modern era, the mouth of the
river was deepened and developed to establish an auxiliary port near
Haifa Bay. In recent decades the river was chemically polluted by
industrial effluents and municipal wastewater, but a major cleanup was
lately undertaken.
Taninim – A sparkling coastal stream running for
almost 16 miles between the Menasheh Heights of the Carmel mountain
range and the Mediterranean Sea, and named after the former reptile
residents (in Hebrew, taninim = crocodiles) of the proximate Kebara
swamp. The stream is ornamented with yellow water lilies on its surface
and contains fish such as tilapia, catfish, and gray mullet, as well as
Caspian turtles below its surface. An extant dam from the late Roman or
early Byzantine period was built to raise the stream’s water level so
that it could be channeled southward to Caesarea Maritima, which was
built by King Herod the Great of Judaea and which served as the Roman
administrative capital in the Land of Israel. A by-product of the dam
was a small lake. Taninim is regarded as the cleanest coastal
watercourse in Israel, and it delimits the southern extent of the Hof
HaCarmel (Carmel Coastal Plain). The ancient remnants of a city dating
from the Persian or Hellenistic eras and once known as Crocodilopolis
(Tel Taninim) rest along the confluence of the stream and the sea.
Amud – A stream in eastern Galilee that flows
southward for over 15 miles and descends into Lake Kinneret (the Sea of
Galilee) at Ginnosar Valley. The watercourse is named after an isolated
limestone pillar (in Hebrew, amud = pillar) about 22 yards tall
that stands upright along the streambed, beside which rises the
seasonal spring Ein Amud. Amud is especially known for its adjacent
caves (Dovecote, Amud, Skull/Zuttiyeh, Amira), all of which have been
excavated, and which were found to contain the remains of Neanderthals
and other prehistoric humans, as well as for its cliff-dwelling
vultures, eagles, kestrels, falcons, and buzzards. In the stream swim
Levantine scraper fish, and its springs feature river crabs,
dragonflies, and damselflies. Along the stream can be found lush
riparian vegetation and a diverse array of trees: oak, terebinth, carob,
styrax, mastic, almond, walnut, jujube, plane, willow, and Eastern
strawberry. Nearby are the remnants of a pagan temple on Mount Mizpeh
HaYamim dating from the Hellenistic era, and of the Jewish village Kfar
Hananiah dating from the Hasmonean era, as well as the eastern slopes of
Mount Meron, on which the Mishnaic sages Shimon bar Yohai and his son
Eleazar ben Shimon are entombed. Alongside the stream are the ruins of
more than two dozen flour and fulling mills dating from the 1500s,
attesting to early modern Tzfat’s wool industry, introduced by Sephardic
Jewish exiles post-Spanish expulsion (1492 CE). The National Water
Carrier traverses Amud stream in a camouflaged siphon pipe.
Alexander – A coastal flood stream in the Sharon
Plain, flowing for almost 20 miles from the western slopes of Samaria
westward then northwestward through the Hefer Valley until reaching the
Mediterranean Sea, with its estuary between Beit Yannai beach and
Mikhmoret. The stream channels through eucalyptus trees, reeds,
bulrushes, and brambles, and is home to an abundance of giant
soft-shelled turtles, as well as specimens of tilapia, catfish, mullet,
and river eel. Its riverbanks feature rich riparian wildlife, including
green sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, coypus, and mongooses. The
terrain near the mouth of the stream consists of kurkar (coastal
limestone) ridges and sand dunes. Close by lie the remnants of a
structure dating to the late 1800s, Horvat Samara. In June 1948, the
Etzel vessel Altalena anchored at a nearby port before sailing onward to Tel Aviv.
Kanah (Qana) – A seasonal stream and the Yarkon
River’s northernmost tributary, rising from the vicinity of Mount
Gerizim in Samaria and flowing southwestward into the Sharon Plain. The
Kanah has its own tributary, Nahal Hadar, which courses east and south
of the mound of Tel Qana, where ancient winepresses have been excavated.
The Kanah served as the boundary between the tribal territories of
western Menasheh to the north and Ephraim to the south. Today the stream
bypasses numerous communities including Karnei Shomron, Kfar Saba, and
Hod HaSharon.
Yarkon – A perennial river rising from springs
proximate to Tel Aphek (Antipatris) and Rosh HaAyin and winding for 17
miles westward till it spills into the Mediterranean Sea in northern Tel
Aviv. Its name is derived from its greenish hue (in Hebrew, yarok
= green; the name Aphek, incidentally, derives from the Akkadian word
Aphek/Aphekum, meaning springs, whence the Hebrew word Apheek, meaning
riverbed/streambed). The river’s source is by the narrow Aphek Passage,
through which the ancient Via Maris road passed so as to circumvent the
quondam marshes. The Yarkon marks the boundary between the northern
section of the Coastal Plain (i.e. the Sharon Plain) and the Coastal
Plain’s lowlands to the south. It receives a number of tributaries from
north and south. The stream’s water sometimes runs red due to its
reddish hamra soil, and according to the Mishnah, where it is
referred to as mei pugah, its water was deemed unfit for ritual service
in the Temple because it was marshy. The modern Yarkon Park, through
which the stream courses, is replete with oak, carob, and eucalyptus
trees. Yellow water lilies grow in the pond near the stream’s source,
and silver Yarkon bream swim in the stream and in a discrete pool near
its spring. Other denizens of the stream include Nile soft-shelled
turtles, tilapias, catfish, mosquito fish, coypus, terrapins, mallards,
moorhens, swamp cats, and porcupines. Vestiges of Canaanite palaces and a
Roman odeon (music theater) are found at Tel Aphek, and a 16th century
Turkish fortress, Pinar Basha, crowns Tel Aphek near the stream. In the
modern era, cities that have cropped up in the vicinity include Petah
Tikvah, Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan, and Tel Aviv. General Edmund Allenby
crossed the stream with his British army during his campaign against the
Ottoman Turks in 1917. From the 1950s, the stream became increasingly
polluted, but hydrological rehabilitation efforts have greatly improved
the water quality in recent years. Since 1955, much of the Yarkon’s
headwaters have been diverted via the National Water Carrier to the
Negev Desert for irrigation purposes.
Sorek – A stream flowing through the Sorek Valley
in the tribal territory of Judah, where the Israelite judge Samson
encountered the duplicitous Philistiness, Delilah. Several of its
tributaries feature waterfalls. The Sorek served as the boundary between
the original (southwestern) tribal territory of Dan and Philistia, and
the Philistine city of Ekron and the Israelite city of Beit Shemesh were
located proximate to the stream. Today the old Jerusalem-Tel Aviv
railway parallels the watercourse.
Kisalon – A Judean river flowing for over 12 miles
through the Jerusalem hills from Mount Adar to the outskirts of Beit
Shemesh in the Sorek Valley. The Kisalon features the picturesque spring
of Ein Hemed (Aqua Bella), where a Crusader farm house dating from the
1100s and probably belonging to the Knights Hospitaler is preserved.
Today the Kisalon bypasses Martyrs’ Forest, whose 6 million trees
commemorate the Jewish victims of the Shoah.
Gerar – A brook that rises from the southwest
foothills of the Judean hills and courses westward through rich pastoral
country in the northwestern Negev Desert and past several ancient
Egyptian archeological sites dating from the Bronze Age. During the
subsequent Iron Age, the Gerar brook and the royal city of the same name
were under Philistine control. The Philistine ruler, King Avimelekh of
Gerar, took the matriarch Sarah captive when Abraham had to sojourn in
Gerar for a time due to famine; later Isaac likewise sojourned in Gerar
for identical reasons, and soon dwelt in the river valley and unstopped
the wells of his father Abraham that the Philistines had since filled up
with earth. Here Isaac’s servants dug two new wells of living water,
called Esek and Sitnah, of which the Philistines contested ownership,
then a third well called Rehovot that went uncontested. The brook also
flowed near the Philistine fortress of Ziklag, where David and his
followers lived for a period while hunted by an unstable King Saul of
Israel. Thereafter King Asa of Judah battled against Zerah the Ethiopian
and his vast army and hundreds of chariots, pursuing the fleeing
Ethiopians from Mareshah to Gerar, routing them and despoiling the local
towns. In a hasty treaty between the Seleucid (Syrian-Greek) ruler
Emperor Antiochus V Eupator (and his regent Lysias) and the Hasmonean
hero Judah Maccabee, Gerar served as the southern border of the coastal
region under Seleucid control. The city of Gerar has been identified
with several ruins, perhaps most convincingly with the large mound known
as Tel Haror/Tel Abu Hurayra. Today the Gerar brook bypasses the
Bedouin town of Rahat, as well as the town of Netivot and village of
Re’im.
Besor – The largest stream in the northern Negev
Desert, extending for almost 50 miles from Mount Boker across the
Agur-Halutza sand dunes and the Gaza Strip to the Mediterranean Sea. In
his pursuit of the Amalekites, who had attacked and burnt his haven of
Ziklag, David left behind at the brook 200 of his 600 men, who
safeguarded their possessions while the other 400 ventured off to war.
The Besor has numerous tributaries and floods yearly after heavy rains.
Jordan (Yarden) – The primary watercourse in the
Land of Israel, formed by the confluence of a trio of headwater streams
(Snir/Hatzbani, Dan, Banias) at the base of Mount Hermon. The Jordan
(“the descender” or “descending from Dan”) extends for about 225 miles
southward through Lakelet Hula and Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee)
and continues descending southward along a significant gradient until as
a delta it empties into the north shore of the Dead Sea. Declining some
3,000 feet from its northern source to its southern mouth, the Jordan
is shallow in summertime and profound in wintertime. Its usually swift
current ferries considerable silt, and the salinity of its water
increases as it nears the Dead Sea. Coursing through luxuriant
vegetation, the river features some 31 fords, and possesses the lowest
elevation of any river in the world. In the period of the conquest and
resettlement of the Land of Israel, the Israelites followed Joshua
across the Jordan near Jericho. When the men of Reuven, Gad, and eastern
Menasheh departed from the rest of the Israelite tribes, they paused
while still on the western riverbank of the Jordan and erected a large
altar to serve as a symbolic “witness” attesting to the fact that they,
too, had a share in the God of Israel. The Jordan was the tribal border
between eastern Menasheh, Gad, and Reuven to the east (in Transjordania)
and Naphtali, Issachar, western Menasheh, Ephraim, and Benjamin to the
west (in Cisjordania). In the period of the Judges, Gidon adjured the
Ephraimites to capture the lower fords to prevent the Midianites and
their chieftains Orev and Ze’ev from fording the Jordan, and later
Yiftah and the Gileadites secured the lower fords and slew 42,000
Ephraimites in battle after the Ammonites had been defeated. In time
King Solomon of Israel established his brass-foundries in the thick clay
by the Jordan’s riverbanks between Sukkot and Tzartan. The river’s
water was deemed unfit for ritual use in the Temple due to its impurity.
The prophets Elijah and Elisha both forded the Jordan dry-shod after
striking it with Elijah’s rolled-up cloak, thereby dividing it. Elisha
performed further riverine miracles when he directed the disease-ridden
Aramean general Na’aman to immerse himself seven times in the Jordan’s
waters, which healed Na’aman’s skin, and when he caused an iron axe
blade to float up from the Jordan’s depths after one of his prophetic
disciples had inadvertently dropped it into the river. In the Hasmonean
era, Judah Maccabee and Jonathan Maccabee crossed the Jordan prior to
their rescue campaign in Gilead; later, after Judah’s death, Jonathan
Maccabee, Shimon Maccabee, and their force of Maccabean freedom fighters
bivouacked by the marshes and thickets of the Jordan during their
campaign against the formidable Seleucid (Syrian-Greek) general
Bacchides, at one point swimming across the river after routing the
enemy. Jesus of Nazareth was baptized in the river by his relative John.
In the modern era, half a dozen bridges were erected to span the river,
including: Arik Bridge, between Galilee and the Golan Heights; Jordan
River Crossing/Sheikh Hussein Bridge, a border crossing, between Galilee
and Jordan; Gesher Adam/Damiya Bridge, between Samaria and Jordan; and
Allenby/King Hussein Bridge, another border crossing, between Judea and
Jordan. The malign attempt by Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan to divert the
river’s headwaters in 1965 was a contributing factor to the ensuing
Six-Day War of 1967. Immortalized in the Tanakh, the Jordan has been
celebrated further in many spiritual hymns and folk songs. Today the
river is used for irrigation in order to grow fruits and vegetables and
for recreational rafting, and remains revered by Christians as a
baptismal site.
Yarmuk – The largest tributary of the Jordan River,
with its sources amid a lava plateau in the Golan Heights. The narrow
and shallow Yarmuk flows with many convolutions southwestward, widening
and deepening as it joins the Jordan several miles south of Lake
Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee). The river has its own tributaries, which
feature numerous waterfalls. The Yarmuk served as the northern boundary
of the Transjordanian geographical region of Gilead. According to the
Mishnah, its water was deemed unfit for ritual use because it was
“mixed”, which the medieval sage Eshtori HaParhi explained meant blended
with the waters of Hamat Gader (Gadara), whose hot springs the Yarmuk
skirts. In the Talmud, the sage Johanan bar Nappaha asserts that the
Yarmuk is second only to the Jordan (in volume) among Israel’s rivers.
In 636 CE, the Battle of Yarmuk River proved to be a decisive victory
for the Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid against Theodorus
Trithurius and the Byzantine Christians, whose Armenian and Christian
Arab allies had deserted them. In 1946, during Operation Markolet
(a.k.a. “The Night of the Bridges”), the Haganah bombed the Hejaz
Railway bridge spanning the Yarmuk. For most of its length (approx. 50
miles) it serves as the northeastern border between Israel and Jordan.
Kireet(Cherith) – An eastern
tributary of the Jordan River where Elijah the prophet was divinely
directed to hide and dwell, there to be sustained by the brook’s water
and fed by its ravens who brought him bread and meat morning and
evening. When the brook dried up during the drought which he had
foretold, Elijah was directed to move on to be sustained by the widow of
Tzarfat.
Yabok (Jabbok) – The second-largest tributary of
the Jordan River, joining the latter between Lake Kinneret (the Sea of
Galilee) and the Dead Sea. Stretching some 62 miles, the Yabok emanates
from a spring proximate to Rabat-Ammon and divides mountainous Gilead
into two. After departing Haran, the patriarch Jacob forded the Yabok en
route to his long-awaited yet dreaded reunion with his brother Esav. He
conveyed his household and their possessions across the Yabok, and that
night at the site known thereafter as Penuel (Peniel), a future capital
of the Kingdom of Israel, he wrestled with a mysterious figure until
daybreak. The Yabok served as the Ammonite-Amorite frontier—the dominion
of the Amorite king Sihon extended between the Yabok and Arnon
rivers—until the Amorites were defeated by Moses and the Israelites in
the preliminary stages of the conquest and resettlement of Canaan. It
subsequently served as the boundary between the Israelite tribes of
Reuven and Gad to the south and Ammon to the north, and coursed by the
Israelite capitals of Penuel and Mahanaim, as well as the town of
Sukkot. During the Hellenistic era, the Yabok also functioned as the
border of the domain of a prominent Jewish clan, the Tobiads. Thereafter
the Romans erected a bridge spanning the Yabok. In Arabic the Yabok is
called the Zarqa.
Heshbon – An intermittent stream in Transjordania
descending westward from the vicinity of the town of Heshbon in the
heights of Moab through a verdant ribbon toward the longer watercourse
Wadi al-Kafrein, which it joins in the Jordan River Valley north of the
Dead Sea. The stream served as the boundary between the tribal
territories of Gad to the north and Reuven to the south, and as the
southern boundary of the geographical region Gilead. The oft-contested
town of Heshbon first belonged to Moab, then served as the capital of
King Sihon of the Amorites, then was allotted by Moses to the tribal
territory of Reuven, then became a Levitical city in the tribal
territory of Gad, then was reclaimed by King Mesha of Moab, then was
reconquered by the Hasmonean ruler King Yannai Alexander of Judea, then
became a military veterans’ colony in Perea (southern Gilead and the
Mishor) under King Herod the Great. In the Songs of Songs, the
male persona romanticizes his beloved with the description, “your eyes
[are] like the pools in Heshbon”. Ruins of a reservoir are extant at the
town.
Arnon – The meandering Arnon flows northward then
westward through limestone hills and a steep gorge into the eastern
shore of the Dead Sea, opposite Ein Gedi. It extends for approximately
50 miles, is alternately broad and narrow, and deepens considerably
(down to about 10 feet) during winter. It served as the boundary between
the Amorites in the north and the Moabites in the south; after the
Israelite conquest, it similarly divided the tribe of Reuven to the
north and Moab to the south. King Mesha of Moab mentions the Arnon, and
the roads (or fords) across it that he constructed, in his famous stele.
The Arnon’s fords were indeed a critical link along the King’s Highway
that traversed Transjordania from Eilat to Damascus. The river figures
in the Tanakh when it cites “the lords of Arnon’s heights”, when the
prophet Isaiah avers that the “daughters of Moab at the fords of the
Arnon are like fluttering birds pushed from the nest”, and when the
prophet Jeremiah relates the divine prophecy declaring: “Proclaim it by
the Arnon that Moab has been laid waste”. The largest settlement in the
vicinity in ancient times was the city of Aroer. In the Hasmonean era,
the region was claimed by Johanan Hyrcanus and his son King Yannai
Alexander, with the Arnon again serving as the boundary between the
Judean kingdom to the north and Nabatea to the south. In the Roman era, a
legion was stationed by the Arnon to secure the Eilat-Bozrah road
crossing it. The Sages instituted a special blessing (“Blessed be He who
performed miracles for our forefathers at this place.”) upon seeing the
Arnon in commemoration of a legendary miracle that occurred when the
Ark of the Covenant caused the ambuscading Amorites to be crushed in
their cavernous hideouts, allowing the Israelites to proceed unmolested
northward across the mountains of Gilead. The Arnon also became renowned
for its plentiful fish and diverse wildlife.
Zered – A river flowing northwestward through a
deep rift into the south shore of the Dead Sea. The Zered extends for
some 28 miles and served as the border between Moab to the north and
Edom to the south, and was a camping site of the Israelites in their
approach to the Promised Land. The river features on the Madaba Map
south of Kerak.(Deuteronomium 2: 13) ...
Kuin Suomen lippu rullalla,
Rullalla, joka on kuin megila
Aivan suurena jäykkänä rullana
vain sulkijasilmukat auenneina
Rulla silmukoistansa repeää
ja on vain tyhjyyttä sisällä?
Näen :jäljellä auennut kuori
Tunnistan Suomen lipuksi,
se on valkoinen
siniviirulippuni.
ja se suuntautuu
minua kohti
Mitä kummaa se tekee megilassa
tai oikeastaan
Megilan kuorena?
Se kuori oli suljettu silmukoin
ja ne ratkennneet oli
ja ne nähdä nyt voin.
Unet on aina niin kummalliset.
Kirjoitan muistiin ne tekeleet.
25.3.2019
Olin kerran häissä
kun kutsuttiin
Ne Kfar Saban
saleissa vietettiin.
Tänä aamuna tuli se raketti.
Lippumegila oli kuin
minuakin kohti.
Oli megila tännä tyhjyyttä
jotakin liian näkymätöntä
sisältä jotakin entistä
toispuolista ja eileeniä.
---Mitä todellisuudessa tapahtui:
1) Rafan aluelta tuli 120 km kantosäteinen raketti joka putosi Kfar Saban taakse moshaviin. Hamas ei tunnsuta raketin ampumista ja sanoo että myrskyssä salama sen laukasi.
2) Pohjolassa oli armeijan harjoitukset ja simulaatiossa tankki ajoi ruotsalaisen 40-vuotiaan naissotilaan kuoliaaksi.
26.3. 2019 aamulla. Israelissa syttyi äkkitaistelut ja kostonisku Gazan joka taas aiheutti rakettisateen takaisin. Soitin yöllä ystävälleni Jerusalemiin. puhuimme myös vaaleista. kannatan Netnajahun jatkomandaattia ja hän ortodoksina oli vastaan. Kannatan ns. kultaista keskitietä, koska on hyvä että kansainvälisesti tunnustettu jo toiminut pääminsiteri jatkaa edelleen neuvotteluja ja hänellä on jo laaja verkosto kansainvälisiä neuvottelukumppaneita. Ulkopolitiikan takia olisi tärkeä jatkuvuus nyt vaikka sisäpolitiikassa onkin eroavuuksia. Ja mitä tulee palestiinalaisten rauhanhaluihin on osoitautunut että ne jotka ovat rauhan puolesta ovat täysin voimattomia saamaan mitään aikaan käytännössä ja jatkuva aksvava väkivalta pääsee dominoimaan tuhoisasti ja jopa tuhoten palestiinalaiset rauhan miehet. https://www.jpost.com/Headlines
Ei ihme että näin unta että serafi aukaisi kaikki 6 siipeä ja lensi ilmassa ja kiiti ja Netanjahu oli serafin sisällä kuin se ihmisen kasvo.
Huh, tuo eilinen taistelu oli kuin serafin lento. yleensä kuvissa serafi, esim se Holokaustin muistomerkki vaskinen serafi, näytetään seisovana patsaana 6 siipea supussa Se on sen lepoasento ellei yksi pyörä ole vielä sen alla. Hesekiel sanoo: Henki on siinä pyörässä. ha Kaikki pyörät ovat kuin yhtena keskiönä kun on rauhan hetki . Siis tämä sota on ilmeiseti ollut aiheellinen vihastus turhasta sodanhengestä, koska Issrael toivoo rauhaa Gazalaisten kanssa ja ne taas sieltä Gazasta tekevät turhaa sotaa. Tavaallinen puuttuminen asiaan on se henki, se pyörä joka lähtee liikkellle- tietysti tuon materian ankkuroiminen henkeen ei ole aina saumatonta, nytkin iso tankki tipahti kaapelistaan ja jäi tielle numero 4. köydet pääsivät irti. Tietysti normaaliakin että näkymättömien puolelta jotakin tulee näkyviinkin. Eihän kukaan maailman valtio ehdi edes havaita jos Israel on avarassa . Sillioin tapahtuu tuo aktivoituminen ihan Zabaoth taossa ja synkronisoituminen ihmisiin ja - kuten tässä myös materiaan ja materian pyöriin. Pohjolassa vaan kun armeijat simuloivat sillä aikaa tapahtui se naissotilaan hengenmenetys, joka on surullinen asia.
Joskus ennenkin olen nähnyt usnisas niitä isralin serafeja liikkeellä, muta ne olivat ihan tulenvärisiä, tämä oli tavallisen pilven valkeaa sellaista hopeanharmaata.
Ne tuliset serafit olivat 19990-luvlla liikkeellä se taisi olla se iso Irakin sota.
Siihen aikaan kulki ( unennäöissäni) kerubivaunuja maassa siis niitä Hes.1. olentoja. ne ovat niitä Israelin Zebaoth puolustuvoimia. Tuolalisia uni nin siellä Lempäälän Beetelin lähellä, josa yövyin emtsämökissä pari sataa metriä seurakunnan alttarista ja saarnatuolista K O Syväntö oli niihin aikoihin aivan ikänsä huipulla ja Syvännön perheessä oli sukupolvenvaihdosta siellä Israelissa Raamatunkäännöstyön saadessa uusia muotoja. ja siirtyessä muiden kansojen valistamiseen ja lahjakkaiden nuroten opetatmiseen raamatunkäännöstyöhön alkuperäisestä hebreasta. Se oli valtava muutos. Nuo uudet raketin kantomatkat ulottuisivat myös Raamatunkääntäjien keskukseen, jonne juuri on saatu valmiiksi suomalainen hirsitalokin. Siellä on valtavan kiinteä opetustyömenossa ja yliopistolliset intensiivikurssit hebreaa ja originaalia Raamattua.
Kaikenkaikkiaan jugoslavian kaikki historia ja maantietoon niin munomutkaista, että kerros kerroseltakaan siitä tuskin saa hyvää käsistystä.
Kstson nyt vain jugoslavian lounaiskulman karttaa jokaon ajalta 1938.
Slovenia jaettiin seuraavasti.
1. Primorska
2. Krajnska . Alueen pääkaupunki on Ljubljana ( Laibach)
2a Gorenjska ( Alta Carniola) Oberkrain. Tällä alueella oli Bohinj-järvi ja Bled-järvi. Bohinj-järvi seutu on Hinterland aluetta ja siellä on I maailmansodan sotilashautausmaita sekä poliitisten vankien hautauspaikkoja (Koprivnik, Srenja, Ukane, Planina na Kraju) Small war Musem ( Mali vojni muzei 19899. Trigla alppi ja sen luonnonpuistoalue., Slovenian korkein kohta.
2b Notrajnska
2c Dolenjska
3. kuroshka
4. Shtajerska
5. Prekmurje
Suurin osa Slovenian juutalaisista asui Prekmurjessa, jonka kunnista oli kolme pääasiassa luterilaista ja yhdessä oli runsaammin myös juutalaisia moravske Toplica ( Murska Sobota ja Lendava) .
1921, the total population of the area numbered 92,295 people, including 74,199 Slovene speakers, 14,065 speakers of Hungarian, and 2,540 German
speakers. Since then, the number of Hungarian speakers has been falling
slowly but steadily. The German-speaking community, which used to be
concentrated in three villages near the Austrian border and in Murska
Sobota, was either expelled from the area or assimilated after World War II.
Since the early 1950s, Hungarian has had co-official status in
the traditional settlement area of the Hungarian minority. Three
municipalities are completely bilingual—Lendava (Hungarian: Lendva), Hodoš (Hungarian: Hodos), and Dobrovnik (Hungarian: Dobronak)—and the two municipalities of Šalovci and Moravske Toplice are only partially bilingual. Two municipalities, Hodoš and Dobrovnik, have a Hungarian majority.
Prekmurje has traditionally been the most heterogeneous Slovene region regarding religious affiliation. Besides a Roman Catholic majority, there is a significant Protestant (mostly Lutheran)
minority, concentrated in the Goričko hills, which represents between
one fourth and one fifth of the population of Prekmurje. Three
municipalities have a Lutheran majority (Puconci, Gornji Petrovci, and Hodoš), while in Moravske Toplice, Lutherans form just under half of the population.
Before World War II, there used to be a significant Jewish community as well, mostly concentrated in the towns of Murska Sobota and Lendava (see also: Lendava Synagogue). In the 1930s, two-thirds of all Slovenian Jews lived in Prekmurje. Most of them perished in the Holocaust. There is also a significant Romani presence in the region, with Prekmurje being one of the two major settlement areas of Slovenian Romani (the other being Lower Carniola).
During World War II, the economic
prominent and organised Jewish community was also annihilated within
today’s Slovenian territory.
World War II was one of the darkest chapters in the history of
Judaism in Slovenia. At that time the most powerful Jewish community
lived in Prekmurje, particularly in the area of Lendava (Hungarian
Lendva, German Unter-Limbach) and Murska Sobota (Hungarian Muraszombat,
German Olsnitz). In 1944 they suffered a fatal blow by mass destruction
in Nazi concentration camps; most Jews died in the notorious Auschwitz.
Righteous Among the Nations
Despite severe repression you could find individuals among Slovenians
who were ready to help save their Jewish population. They were in that
minority who managed to maintain human values at a time of complete
moral collapse, and believed that the persecuted Jews should be
protected and saved. These were the ‘righteous among the nations’, who
were later given special international recognition for their unselfish
help during the persecution of Jews, and their names are recorded on
memorial plaques and engraved on walls in the Yad Vashem Garden of the
‘Righteous Among the Nations ‘, in Israel.
Among the Slovenian righteous are
Uroš Žun,
Andrej Tumpej,
Zora
Pičulin,
Ivan Breskvar,
Franjo Punčuh,
Ljubica
and
Ivan Župančič,
while
Olga Neuman (Rajšek)
and
Martina Marković Levec
are listed among
Croatian respectively Serbian Righteous.
In compliance with recent
findings, however, it is currently believed that there are a few more
Slovenians who are going to be given this deserving recognition shortly.
Slovenian juutalisen seurakunnan hsitoriasta on pieni maininta Wikipediassa.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovenia
Seukuntaaon ollut 1200-luvulta. Vuonna 1910 Sloveniassa oli ainakin 190 juutalaista. Siihen aikaan oli Itävalta-unkarin valta-aika. Versaillen rauhan jälkeen alue kuului jugoslaviaan jatämä maailmansotien välinen aika oli juutalaiselle väestölle hyvä ja rakennettiin synagogia ja kouluja. Tilanne paheni äkisti vuonna 1941 natsien invaasiossa. Suurin osa juutalaisisita kuljetettiin
Auschwitz-Birkenau tuholeirille ja osa heistä vietiin Italian keskitysleireille. Osa liittyi partisaaneihin ja Slovenian vastarintaliikkeeseen. Sodan jälkeen nousi uuta seurakuntaa ja rakennettiin synagoga ja seurakuntakeskus. Rabbiini Triestestä käy Sloveniassa muutaman kerran kuukaudessa. vuodesta 1999.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranj
NYT: Kranj (saks.Krainburg) on 53 000 asukkaallaan (2007) Slovenian neljänneksi suurin kaupunki. Se sijaitsee noin 25 kilometriä pääkaupungista Ljubljanasta luoteeseen. Sava- ja Kokra-jokien yhtymäkohdassa ja on Gorenjskan alueen keskus. Kaupunki on 385 metrin korkeudella merenpinnasta ja sen pinta-ala on 150,9 neliökilometriä.[1]
Kranjissa on hyvin säilynyt vanhakaupunki,
joka julistettiin historialliseksi ja kulttuuriseksi muistomerkiksi
vuonna 1983. Sen keskus on Glavni trgin aukio, jonka reunalla on
näyttelytilaksi muutettu kaupungintalo, 1500-luvulla rakennettu
historiallinen Pavšlarin talo ja myöhäisgoottilainen kirkko. Kaupungin
muihin nähtävyyksiin kuuluvat esimerkiksi France Prešerenin museo, vuonna 1527 rakennettu tullihuone, puolustusmuurien jäänteet, Khislsteinin linna ja Leopold Layerin talo.[2]
Kaupunki sijaitsee Ljubljanan ja Villachin välisen rautatien ja moottoritien varrella. Brnikin lentoasema sijaitsee kaupungin lähellä.
Second World War
Planina Mass Grave
During the Second World War, Kranj, along with the rest of northern Slovenia, was annexed by Nazi Germany.[7]
The German authorities dismantled the Jugo-Češka textile works,
replacing the machinery with equipment to produce aircraft. On 21 March
1944, German forces discovered several communist activists and
functionaries at the Šorli Mill in Rupa in the northern part of the town, where military supplies for the Partisans were being stored. Three of the men at the mill were killed and the German forces then burned the mill.[6]
Mass grave
Kranj is the site of a mass grave from the period immediately after the Second World War. The Planina Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče Planina)
is located in a small woods in a field near the city cemetery. It
contains the remains of an undetermined number of people murdered after
the war; the victims may be German prisoners of war, Home Guard soldiers repatriated from Austria, or Slovene civilians from Kranj and the surrounding area.[8][9]
olen lukenut parina päivänä jugoslavian tapahtumia Versaillen rauhansopimuksenjälkeen Saksanmiehitykseen 1941. Yöllä katsoin dokumenttifilmejä vuodesta 1941 ja titon ajasta. tänään otin esiin anhan kartan euroopasta, 1938 ja siinä näkyy Jugoslaviasta lounaiskulma.
Kirjoitin siitä alueesta paikannimiä muistiin ja etsin ensimmäisenä Google hakuna seuraavall hakusanalla. Julian Alps during WWII
Löytyi seuraava kiraj ja kuvaus kolmen valtion rajakohdasta italia-Itävalta- Slovenia.
